Functional Groups- ALCOHOLS AND HALIDES

To spice things up, organic compounds can contain elements other than C & H! These are called functional groups. There are 9 different functional groups- the two we'll be looking at right here are alcohols and halides!

Alcohols
An alcohol is a hydrocarbon with an -OH bonded to it! The same naming rules apply as usual, but the parent chain ending is -ol.

Example

The carbon chain has TWO carbons so we know that there will be eth- as the beginning of the parent chain! And the ending will be -ol, so putting it together, thats ETHANOL!

 Let's try a harder example:

The longest parent chain has 3 carbons, making the prefix prop-
There is a methyl side chain coming from the 2nd carbon, and the OH, making it an alcohol, is also on the 2nd carbon!
That makes this 2 methyl 2 propanol

Also, a note to remember:  When benzene makes alcohol, put an OH anywhere (attached to any carbon) and it will be called "Phenol".

If you want to get to know alcohol a little bit better, you can read this page!
http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0009891.html

Now, on to Halides!
Group 7 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) can bond to a hydrocarbon chain as well! Naming follows the exact same rules, except that you add the prefix floro- , chloro-, bromo-, and iodo- accordingly


Some examples:

Ignore the one on the left!
So for the middle one, there is a chloro from the second carbon in the propane chain, so it will be called 2 chloro propane!|
For the one on the right, there is an iodine on the second one, and there is also a methyl. This makes it 2 iodo 2 methyl propane!

A last, more complicated example:

Outdated- MULTIPLE DOUBLE BONDS

Alrighty, this and the next few posts are a bit outdated, but its better late than never! Now we'll have all of our posts!


So, lets learn about multiple double bonds!
This happens when there is more than one double bond in a molecule. Just use the same multiplier that you've been using as a prefix for side chains, except put it in the name of the molecule!
For example:

Let's start as we always do, looking at the base chain. There are 8 carbons, and there is a double bond after 1, 3, 5, 7. So now lets name it:
1, 3, 5, 7 octatetraene
note that there is a TETRA in there, because there are FOUR double bonds!
and REMEMBER to change the ending to 'ene' for a double bond!
A lot simpler than you thought, right?

BUBBLE BUBBLE TOIL AND TROUBLE!

The Final Lab!

The final lab of the year was an esterfication lab, with absolutely no questions to do!
The task which Grace and I were presented with was trying to make a wintergreen scent, and I say try because we tried and failed. However the experiment didn't work out because of our own error, it was because of the extremely limited class time.
So in order to make the wintergreen smell you just need to use some of that methyl alcohol and salicylic acid that you had lying around in the back of your pantry.
First you put a scoop of Salicyliic acid to to the test tube then combine 15 drops/1 squirt of methanol and 204 drops of sulphuric acid, mix well.
Soak the the test tube in hot water for 15 min, then transfer the test tube to a prepared container of iced water.
After your test tube has sat there for the allotted time waft the wintry smell of your esterfication.

Hopefully your home experiment will work better than ours.
Okay, our lab wasn't that bad.

Esters!!!!!!!

YAY this is our second last blog and the last blog that has new material! On the other hand.............Chem 11 is almost over :(

So Esters are really cool because they create smells like orange, spearmint, ect. We will be making esters next class, through a process called esterfication!

The functional group for Esters looks like this.....



so basically a double bonded oxygen conected to a carbon which is also conected to another oxygen and then a carbon chain on either side.

here are some more examples:



so the chain that is conected to the oxygens forms the stem, with the ending - oate and the second chain goes in front.simple right?

now lets learn how Esters are formed.....

Esters are formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Water is also a byproduct of this reaction.



this picture illustrates how Esters are formed. Ta Da!!!

Here are some fun smelling Esters!

Carboxylic Acids, Ethers, Amines and Amides

Okay so I will give you a brief introduction to each of the topics and then show some example, first off...
Carboxylic Acids [kahr-bok-sil-ic] (now you can pronounce it)
(the R represents a carbon chain)
So for carboxylic acids you use the normal naming system and just add '-oic acid' on to the end
An example of how you would write the name is methanoic acid (the simplest carboxylic acid)

Ethers

Yes, ethers are two carbon chains connected to a Oxygen, a little note- name the smaller side chain first
Once you have named it just add ether onto the end.
Also here is a video if you are still confused, however just watch these parts: 1:02-1:50 then, 5:58-7:13, or you could just watch all of it and risk being even more confused than you were before, your choice.

Amines
Okay, also note that the two hydrogen's can also be carbon chains.
Amines are carbon chains connected to a nitrogen, the ending is -amine (easy to remember)

Amides
These are two possibilities that are both considered Amides. As for the naming just add -amide onto the end.

Time for examples
Name these compounds

Answers: butamine   2,4 diethyl pentamine  diethyl ester    butyl phenly ester   4 propyl pentanoic acid    butanoic acid 4 phenyl

Ketones and Aldehydes

A Ketone is a hydrocarbon chain, double bonded to an oxygen. The catch is that the double bonded oxygen CANNOT  be at the end of a chain, only in the middle.

When dealing with Ketones, we add the ending -one to the stem. Other than that, standard naming rules apply.

The Simplest ketone looks like this:


This is called Propanone (the Rs stand for hydrocarbons).

Ketones can be combined with other things like Alicyclics, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics.

For now, here are some more Ketones



The next one is Aldehydes!!!!

Aldehydes are just like ketones but the double bonded oxygens are on the end of the chain. To differentiate, we add the ending -al to the stem.

Like this:

this is 3 Methyl 1 Butanal



and this is 3,3, 5 Trimethyl Hexanal

There you  have it short and sweet :)

Alicyclics and Aromatics

Now that you have been thoroughly befuzzeled by double and triple bonds in organic chemistry, lets confuse you even more!!! Todays topics are Alicyclics ( circular bonds) and Aromatics( mostly benzene).


Before we start, lets just go over the three ways that you can draw organic compounds:

1) Complete structural diagrams



These can be rather time and space consuming.....

2) Condensed Structural Diagrams


These are somewhat easier

3) Line Diagrams


These are the most simplistic way of drawing organic compounds


Alicyclics are carbon chains that form loops. When they form the parent chain or the side chain, normal naming rules apply with the addition of the prefix cyclo- .

Lets try some examples:

This is the simplest alicyclic, cyclopropane.



When you have side chains as well, standard naming rules apply but you can start counting anywhere in the ring, provided you end up with the smallest numbers possible. The occasion can also arise that the Alicyclic will be the side chain itself in which case you simply add the cyclo- to the beginning and -yl to the end of the stem.

Now name these three!!!


Aromatics ( Benzene)

Benzene(C6H6) is a unique cyclic hydrocarbon. Benzene looks like this.....



The lines indicate a double bond. Basically because there are 6 carbons and 3 double bonds, each carbon has a 1.5 bond which sounds kind of confusing but it allows Benzene to do some cool things because its electrons are free to roam.

Benzene can be a parent chain ( called Benzene) or a side chain ( called phenyl). 

Pour example:


This woulod be called 1 Methyl Benzene...... or Toulene( theres no reason for this name, its " just what chemists do" quoth Doktor)

But this...



would be 3 Methyl 1 Phenyl Butane

Comprende?

Thats all for today folks.